Recent advancements including coherent detection, optical amplification, and fiber-optic sensing are discussed, along with their impact on future networks. The review highlights OFC applications in telecommunications, internet infrastructure, data centers, healthcare, and more. At the same time, corresponding solutions are proposed for the main challenges and problems faced by optical. It traces OFC's development into a global communication backbone and elucidates key principles like total internal reflection, modal dispersion, and attenuation governing light propagation. optical communication; frame transmission; synchronization word; blind recognition; Hough transform; machine learning; optical communications; patent analysis; network analysis; technical analysis; fiber nonlinearities; deep learning (DL); artificial intelligence (AI); optical communications;. This paper presents a review of the latest research and development in the field of fibre optic communication system. Wide-bandwidth signal transmission with low latency is emerging as a key. ght through transparent dielectric waveguides. Fiber optic systems currently used most extensively as the transmiss the volume and rate of the data transmission. The greater the carrier frequency larger the availab r.
